This article describes a dataset that allows to explore the determinants and moderators of athletes' decision to enter in tournaments endowed with a monetary prize. Specifically, the dataset contains variables that describe athlete's short-term momentum (i.e., performance streak in the tournaments recently entered) and long-term momentum (i.e., performance streak in the same tournament across seasons), which permits an in-depth analysis of how past performance trajectory drives self-selection into tournaments. The dataset consists of 54,915 self-selection decisions that golfers have taken over an eleven-year period (1996-2006) when deciding to participate in PGA Tour tournaments.

This study aims to investigate how the shareholders of leading European energy companies value sustainability narratives. It uses news from the Global Database of Events, Location, Language, and Tone (GDELT) and analyses the cumulative average abnormal returns (CAAR) and abnormal volatilities (AV), incorporating the event study methodology. A total of 279,546 big news items were used, and 4,026 event studies were conducted. The extensive analysis of data and the segmentation of the news by tone, type of energy generation and environmental consequences helps to understand shareholders' investment decisions. This study found that the sustainability narrative significantly impacts shareholder value; however, this narrative's interpretation has no consensus. The sustainability news about these companies moves the stock market upwards for some shareholders, while others do the contrary. These results are observed by comparing CAAR and AV. The results found by this article are crucial for regulators to push forward an effective ecological transition. It should be legislated so that there is a common shareholders' narrative, discouraging highly polluting investments.

This study examines how past performance moderates the effect of the size of the prize on tournament self-selection. We identify two types of trajectories that play simultaneous and unique roles in moderating the influence of prize on an agent's decision to enter a tournament: within-period trajectory, which reflects an agent's short-term performance streak in the tournaments recently entered, and across-period trajectory, which reflects an agent's long-term performance streak in the same tournament across different periods. We find that positive (negative) within-period and across-period trajectories strengthen (weaken) the positive effect of the size of the prize on tournament entry. Although both performance trajectories have a significant and sizable influence, we find that within-period trajectory plays the strongest moderating effect. We draw on the representativeness heuristic and the availability heuristic to explain our findings. We study these notions using 54,915 self-selection decisions that professional golfers have taken over a ten-year period (1996-2006) when entering PGA Tour tournaments. We draw implications for the craft of contest design.

Fungi are an important component of ecosystems. Some fungi are widely distributed, while others are limited to certain habitats. Studies based on airborne fungal spores can help to know the geographical distribution of fungi in the territory. Our aim was to show that a gamma probability density function (gpdf) based on a database of 20 airborne fungal spore taxa concentrations in eight localities of Catalonia (NE Spain) for a period of 20 years was a useful tool to map the distribution of these taxa in this region, as well as to establish a general classification on their sporulation through the alpha parameter of the validated model. This allows a more efficient study of the atmospheric dynamics of the different taxa, since the number of taxa is reduced to a representative taxon for each of the categories of the generic classification. In general, the results obtained confirmed that the scale parameter of the gamma distribution changes from year to year, depending on the meteorological conditions, while the shape parameter remains fairly stable. At the temporal scale, airborne fungal spores of Agrocybe sp. showed the highest stability; at the spatial scale, Cladosporium sp. showed the highest stability. Regarding localities, Girona was the station with greater interannual variation, while Barcelona and Vielha showed the lowest. In addition, the results obtained allowed a non-subjective classification of these taxa in five groups, based on the gamma (shape) parameter. The taxa Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., Ganoderma sp., Pleospora sp., Leptosphaeria sp., Aspergillus sp.-Penicillium sp. were cosmopolitan and showed a similar behavior across the whole study area, with any of them possible candidates for used in predictive models; airborne fungal spores of Agrocybe sp., Arthrinium sp., Epicoccum sp., Drechslera sp.-Helminthosporium sp., Pithomyces sp., Thelephoraceae, Stemphylium sp., Xylariaceae can be used as meteorological indicators and Agaricus sp., Coprinaceae sp., Torula sp. can be used as indicators of anthropogenic activities. The results obtained could be used to reduce the number of spore taxa analyzed and subsequently develop generic predictive models.

Crowdfunding platforms have become a valid alternative for raising funds for both entrepreneurial and humanitarian projects. The aim of our study is to investigate the factors influencing the likelihood of funding success across these two project types. Building on the charitable giving and entrepreneurial finance literature streams, we employ the lenses of signaling theory and behavioral decision making to hypothesize how the impact of certain factors varies contingent on the nature of the project, from a humanitarian plea to an entrepreneurial venture. We conduct our investigation on Kiva and find that gender bias and risk signals exhibit a stronger impact on the likelihood of funding success for entrepreneurial projects, whereas humanitarian projects are more affected by home bias. By reconciling prior inconsistencies in crowdfunding research and bringing forward new ideas, we aim to support the vigorous growth of an emergent phenomenon that is of growing social and economic importance.

Many people in the world suffer from fibromyalgia (FM), a rheumatic disease of unknown ethiopathophysiology and without an effective treatment. Patients do not have a good quality of life and cannot maintain normal daily activity. FM commonly occurs with other diseases, some of them, like irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, or some food allergies or intolerances, are related or affected by diet. Non-scientific information addressed to patients regarding the benefits of nutrition is widely available, and they are used to trying non-evidenced strategies. The aim of this paper is to make a first reflection on the relevance of diet related diseases in FM patients, to reinforce investigation in this field and highlight the importance of health professional advice regarding diets and use of food supplements. An internet based survey was prepared and offered to answer in a specific FM website. Patients were asked about hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, irritable bowel syndrome, food allergies and intolerances, and overweight or obesity. Ninety seven persons answered to the survey, two men and ninety five women. Irritable bowel syndrome and excess weight (overweight and obesity) were the most reported diet-related diseases. In the third position were food allergies or intolerances, and in the fourth hypertension. Diet-related diseases are frequent in FM patients, who even sometimes suffer more than two. Therefore, more investigation and dietary advice seems to be necessary to these patients to improve their diets, taking into account FM but also other pathologies, to keep an optimum nutritional status and maintain a normal weight.

The Asteraceae are one of the largest families of angiosperms, comprising 24,000 to 30,000 species in over 1,600 to 2,000 genera. It has a worldwide distribution, with the exception of Antarctica and includes many economically important species which are used, for example, as foods, medicines, and ornamentals. Asteraceae species are the target of many evolutionary studies and more recently they have also become the focus of new genome sequencing programs. New model species for evolutionary-developmental (evo-devo) research have been selected within the Asteraceae such as Gerbera, Helianthus, and Senecio, whereas Tragopogon is the focus of intensive studies on polyploidization mechanisms. The first evo-devo studies in the Asteraceae have been very promising despite complications arising from the genetic and epigenetic changes associated with polyploidy which is very frequent in the family. The term ``C-value¿¿ was coined by Swift to define the gametic nuclear DNA content (genome size) expressed in picograms. Nowadays, genome size research covers a large and diverse range of biological fields and extends across all plant groups. For example, studies have been carried out on genome size nomenclature, to improve methodological aspects and to find possible explanations of how and why genome size changes occur in plants. Data on nuclear DNA amounts are interesting not only per se but are also of practical use. For instance, the success of techniques such as AFLPs and nuclear microsatellites are influenced by genome size, while the choice of a species for possible genome sequencing or evo-devo project is also determined, in part, by genome size. Interest in genome size has increased over the years and this has led to the development of several related databases. Following on from our own research studies on genome size in the Asteraceae family and given that the family is one of the most intensely studied from many aspects, we have developed a genome size database focused specifically on the Asteraceae (which we have named the ``Genome size in the Asteraceae database¿¿, GSAD). It is hoped that this will become a significant tool for comparative research and for future genome size studies.

The stakeholder view of the firm has been justified under instrumental and normative bases. Whereas the instrumental basis argues that "enlightened stakeholder management" is a necessary precondition to seek shareholders' value maximization, the normative basis relies on the observance of ethical norms by managers and the notion that the stakeholders should be treated as "ends." Some scholars argue that both views actually converge. However, this article provides empirical evidence of the negative effects of stakeholder management in shareholders' value in the short run and the positive effects over the long run, using a longitudinal database of 658 U. S. firms. Given the difficulties of anticipating the instrumental long-term financial effects of short-run decisions affecting the different stakeholders, the authors' findings support the view of the normative basis for stakeholder theory based on ethics, norms, and heuristic criteria as a way to solve conflicts among the claims of different stakeholders.

Alternaria is a common airborne phytopathogenic fungus that may affect crops in the field or can cause decay of plant products. It can also cause respiratory problems (allergy) in animals. The study of airborne Alternaria conidia is a necessary step for the control and prevention of the agricultural damage they can provoke. The aim of this paper is to contribute to model the presence and levels of Alternaria conidia in the air using logistic regression models. Our study is conducted in 12 monitoring stations in Spain corresponding to three geographic regions with different bio-climatic characteristics that have shown three different patterns of Alternaria conidia dynamics along the year: a unique main sporulation season from mid spring to autumn in NE Spain, two defined periods (spring and autumn) in SE Spain, and a uniform and constant presence in the Canary Islands. Regarding the abundance, NE Spain showed the highest values and the Canary Islands the lowest. Daily Alternaria conidia concentration has a positive correlation with daily minimum temperature and a negative correlation with daily precipitation. The occurrence of rain in the three previous days also has a positive effect on Alternaria levels. The three logistic regression models proposed to estimate the probabilities of the presence or absence of Alternaria conidia, of exceeding a threshold of 10 conidia/m³ and of exceeding a threshold of 30 conidia/m³ are able to describe the conidia emission pattern using basic meteorological parameters (minimum daily temperature, daily temperature range, occurrence of rainfall in the same day and occurrence of rainfall in the three previous days). Moreover, we make the logit regression model useful for real-time forecasting by specifying a cut-off point that makes it possible to transform the predicted probabilities into positive/negative predictions

Polyploidy is a key factor in the evolution of higher plants and plays an important role in the variation of plant genomes, leading to speciation in some cases. During polyploidisation, different balancing processes take place at the genomic level that can promote variation in nuclear DNA content. We estimated genome size using flow cytometry in 84 populations of 67 Artemisia species and one population of Crossostephium chinense. A total of 73 sequences of nrDNA ITS and 3'-ETS were newly generated and analysed, together with previously published sequences, to address the evolution of genome size in a phylogenetic framework. Differences in 2C values were detected among some lineages, as well as an increase of genome size heterogeneity in subgenera whose phylogenetic relationships are still unclear. We confirmed that the increase in 2C values in Artemisia polyploids was not proportional to ploidy level, but 1Cx genome size tended to decrease significantly when high ploidy levels were reached. The results lead us to hypothesise that genome size in polyploids tends to a maximum as it follows saturation behaviour, in agreement with the Michaelis-Menten model. We tested different arithmetic functions with our dataset that corroborated a non-linear relationship of genome size increase in polyploids, allowing us to suggest a theoretical upper limit for the DNA content of this genus